Author: Madeleine Regan

In the portrait above, Francesco and Margherita Marchioro pose with their elder two daughters, Lina and Mary, Adelaide, 1927-1928.
Photo, courtesy Connie Legovich nee Marchioro.

Between March 1926 and January 1928, nineteen adults and a baby arrived in Adelaide from the Veneto region to begin a new life as migrants in a country that was facing difficult economic times. All but three became market gardeners during the 1930s in the area the veneti called Lockleys. They formed a close community and created a paese or village within about three kilometres of each other. Today, the Veneto market gardener community has many descendants and links that have spread across Australia, to Italy and Canada. In this blog, the individuals who arrived in the late 1920s are listed in order of their arrival.

The National Archives of Australia holds some passport photos, and other photos used in the blog have been provided by family members.

---

The first of the Veneto market gardener group arrived in Adelaide in 1926. Francesco Marchioro and Margherita Marchioro, were the only married couple in the group. They left Malo in the province of Vicenza with their baby daughter, Mary. Francesco was 25 years old, Margherita, 21 years and Mary was about 18 months. Lina was born the year after their arrival, and Connie, eleven years later. The couple had been sponsored by Margherita’s brother, Florindo.

 

Domenico Rossetto, aged 32 years, arrived on 31 May 1926 from Bigolino. Domenico’s wife, Carmela and daughter, Anna, arrived in 1929. A son, Modesto was born in 1931. He was the first of eight Rossetto siblings to emigrate to Australia while just one son remained in Bigolino with his parents. Domenico sponsored three brothers and a brother-in-law in 1927. Domenico and Carmela owned a grocery shop in the east end of the city and served the Italian community.

 

 

Alberto Berno arrived in Adelaide in January 1927 from Riese and joined his brother, Fedele who had been in Australia since 1925. Fedele returned to Italy in about 1935. Alberto was 17 years old and worked in partnership with his brother, Pietro. In 1950 married Elvira Carraro in 1950 and they had two children, Johnny and Marisa. The family returned to Riese Pio X in 1969.  A fourth Berno brother, Albino, arrived in 1938, married Norma Gallina in Italy after the war and they had three children in Adelaide, Pia, Mary and Lino. A sister, Maria, also migrated to Australia and lived with her husband in Queensland.

 

 

In April 1927, Eugenio Zalunardo arrived as 17 year old from Fansolo. He was the only member of his family to migrate to Australia. He married Luigia Ballestrin in 1943 and they had two children, Noemi and Renato.

 

 

On 31 July 1927 Brunone Rebuli was 34 years when he arrived with three Rossetto brothers-in-law from Bigolino. In 1931 Brunone sent for his wife, Giovanna Rossetto and their three children, Dorina, Albino and Elvio. The fourth child, Guido was born in Adelaide in 1938. Albino (Vito) married Antonietta Danieli and they had two children, Elena and Nello. Elvio (Shorty) married Milva Zampin and they had eight children, Bruna, Linda, Andrea, Stephanie, Bruno, David, Jenny and Tanya . Guido married Pam Vining and they had three daughters, Joanne, Leonie and Deanna.

 

 

(Giovanni) Gelindo Rossetto was the eldest in the family and 32 years old on arrival. He had left his fiancée, Adele (Lina) Bordin in Italy. They married by proxy and Lina arrived in Adelaide in 1930. They had six children, three of whom died very young. Lena, Aldo and Silvano were born in Adelaide.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adeodato (Atto) Rossetto was 27 years old when he arrived with his brothers and brother-in-law. Atto did not marry and worked on the wharves for most of his life and was part of the large Rossetto network in Adelaide.

Angelo Rossetto was 23 years old when he arrived with his brothers and brother-in-law. He returned to Bigolino for some years, married Maria Bolzonin and had three children, Luciana, Anita, John.  Vivian was born in Australia. The family migrated to Australia in 1948 and moved to Melbourne were Angelo worked in hosiery manufacturing.

Giovanni Santin, from Caselle di Altivole arrived on 2 September 1927. He was the eldest of the Veneto men who arrived between 1926 and 1928. He was joined by his wife Costantina Visentin and children, Luigi, Vito, Romildo and Virginia in December 1935. Giovanni’s first wife, Maria Tessari died young and they had a daughter, Angelina. She came to Australia and joined her husband, Pietro Compostella with their three children, Giuseppe, Maria and Gino in 1947.

Luigi (Lui) married Rosina Tonellato and their children were Sandra,Denis, Johnny and Denise. Vito married Anna Mattiazzo and their son was Dean. Romildo (Nugget) married Clara Oliviero and they had three children, Diana, Allan and Lisa. Virginia married Oscar Mattiazzo and had three daughters, Christine, Helen and Vicki.

 

Secondo Tonellato, 34 years old, disembarked in Adelaide on 2 September 1927. He arrived with Giovanni Santin and records show that they lived on the same road in Caselle di Altivole. Secondo’s wife, Elisabetta and their five children, Lui, Rosina, Alberto, Lino and Orlando were reunited with him in June 1935. Assunta, niece of Secondo, joined the family in 1937 after her mother died soon after giving birth.

Lui married Italia Bergamin and had two children, Adrian and Luciana. Rosina married Lui Santin and their children were Sandra, Denis, Johnny and Denise. Albert married Mary Zoanetti and had four children, Linda, Raymond, Janet and Diana. Lino (Nino) married Rosanna Accatino and had two children, Terry and Steven. Orlando (Nano) married Lea Griguol and their children are Pauline, Sue, Chris, Paul and Leanne. Assunta married Angelo Giovannini.

 

Angelo Piovesan, aged 22 years, from Ponzano Veneto arrived also on 2 September 1927 with Secondo and Giovanni and was known to the Tonellato family. Angelo married Rosalia Zanatta, his girlfriend, by proxy and she joined him in September 1934. Angelo’s brothers, Attilio and Mario also migrated to Adelaide. Attilio first arrived in 1937 and after returning to Ponzano Veneto, he married Claudina Mattiazzo and they arrived with their daughter, Edda in 1947 and spent some years in Adelaide. Mario and his wife Vittoria nee Teso migrated in January 1950 and their sons, Angelo, Renzo and John were born in Adelaide.

Two Ballestrin brothers and a cousin, from Vallà arrived together on 15 September 1927. Antonio was 25 years old.

Isidoro was 22 years and their cousin, Giuseppe was just 17 years old. In 1934 they returned to Italy and married women who were adventurous enough to make their life in Australia. Antonio married Romilda Minato, Isidoro married Maria Gina Andreazza and they had three children, Santin, Frankie and Dolfina.

 

Giuseppe married Cesira Tieppo and their three children, Lino, Norma and Louis, were born in Adelaide.

Other members of the Ballestrin families emigrated to Australia before World War II including Antonio and Isidoro’s mother, Santa Agata, their sister, Luigia. Their brother, Narciso arrived before his wife, Maria nee Dotto  and son Egidio.  Narciso and Maria’s three other children, Lina, Silvano and Norina were born in Adelaide.

 

Giusepppe’s brother Ermenegildo and sister Ida Maddalena also emigrated to Australia. Ermenegildo married Norina Berti and their sons, Ric and Angelo were born in Adelaide.

Eighteen-year-old cousins, Pietro and Gino Berno from Riese disembarked in Adelaide on 12 October 1927. Pietro worked in partnerhips with his brother, Albert. Pietro married Antonietta Pastro in Italy in 1948 and in Adelaide, they had three children, Roberto, Remo and Diana. The family returned to Riese Pio X in 1969. Gino Berno married Jean Dyson in 1933 and they had two children, Max and Lance. After divorcing, he married Irma Gomeriato.

 

 

 

Vittorio Marchioro was 21 years old when he arrived in Adelaide from Malo on 17 December 1927. He was sponsored by his brother Francesco. He married Angelina Marchioro from Monte di Malo by proxy in 1937 and she joined him in January 1938. They had two children, Johnny and Romano.

 

 

Silvano Zampin was 17 years old when he arrived from Riese on 17 January 1928. He had been sponsored by his brother Pietro who had arrived about two years earlier but was killed in an accident in 1930. Silvano married Amelia Katherine Shaw in 1931 and they had nine children, Milva, Bruna, Roma, Angela, Christina, Virginia, Sandra, Cynthia and Peter.

 

---

Australia is richer because of this group, and other migrants, who had the courage, vision and perseverance to begin a new life and raise families. The Veneto market gardener families and their community have made a significant contribution for many years.

 

Madeleine Regan
13 August 2023

The image above shows Giovanni Santin’s Canadian entry document issued in 1910.

When you look at old family photos or documents that belonged to your parents or grandparents, they tell a story about their history and experiences. Old photos take us to different times and prompt questions about when they were taken, who are the people and where are they – and even who took the images. Migration can make those photos and documents even more important because they reflect the two worlds – the country of birth and the new nation and life. Photos of relatives in Italy become a way to keep precious memories of family members who are separated by distance. Migrants often sent back photos to their families to show details of their life in Australia and significant events – birth of children, first holy communions or weddings. As the generations age, and with separation from family in

Italy, people may not know the relatives in old photos taken in Italy unless they have been identified with names on the back or written into photograph albums.

If family members brought documents to Australia, it is more straightforward to understand their context because they will include details such as names and dates and you understand the purpose of them. Not all people keep old papers and official records but there is one Veneto family that had a treasure trove of documents – and photos – that date back to the first decade of the 20^th century.

 

Santin family records
In the Santin family, stories are contained in photos taken both before Giovanni Santin departed Caselle di Altivole in the Veneto region and  after his arrival in Adelaide in 1927. Giovanni had married Maria Tessari in 1907 and their daughter, Angelina, was born in 1908. In 1910, Giovanni went to work as a miner in Canada and he returned to Caselle di Altivole in 1917. His wife Maria died in 2018 and in 1919, Giovanni married Costantina Visentin. Eight years after Giovanni arrived in Adelaide, Costantina and their four children joined him in 1935. The children were: Lui, 14 years, Vito, 12 years, Romildo, 11 years and Virginia, 8 years.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In 1985, the four Santin siblings celebrated the anniversary of their arrival in Adelaide and the photo is a record of the event, reflecting the significance of a new life that unfolded eventually on Frogmore Road where the family bought a market garden. Giovanni’s first daughter, Angelina, had married Pietro Compostella who migrated in 1938 and Angelina and with their three children in 1947 in Adelaide.

---

The value of family records
Diana Panazzolo nee Santin has held a large collection of family documents since her parents died. The documents provide an insight into the history of the family and include Royal Italian Army documents that give Giovanni’s date of enlistment in 1908 and his discharge certificate, 1909. Giovanni’s entry document for Canada shows that he arrived in 1909 and departed in 1917. During that time, he worked as a miner. Giovanni also kept his record of ‘Good Conduct’ which was issue by the local municipality at Altivole before he emigrated in 1927.

 

Other documents tell a story about Costantina and the four children in 1935 – through a number of legal documents that were required for emigration. These included: an official document that approved the emigration, medical certificates and vaccination records and an identity card for Costantina.

One of the most interesting papers in the collection of family documents is the embarkation ticket for Costantina and children, Lui, Vito, Romildo and Virginia on the ship, Remo, that left Genova 8th November 1935. The ticket was purchased on 29 October 193, just ten days before the ship left the port. They travelled in 3^rd class in Cabin 219 and the ticket included “rations.” The journey took 36 days. The family group arrived at Port Adelaide on 31 December 1935. It is interesting to consider the various steps that the family had to take in their local council area in to fulfil requirements and it is rare to have so many records that tell the story of the emigration of a family from Italy to Australia during the years between the wars.

Other documents include Santin family papers such as an Australian identity certificate for Giovanni Santin required during the Second World War, naturalisation certificate, licence to purchase fuel in partnership with Alberto Berno as primary producers in 1946 and receipt of the purchase of a GMH vehicle in 1949.

When Diana was interviewed for the Veneto market gardeners’ oral history project in 2013, she realised the value of the family papers and considered that it could be worthwhile donating them to the State Library of South Australia. After consulting with her siblings and cousins, a meeting was arranged with two archivists from the State Library where representatives of the four Santin families were present and the papers were handed over as donations. Sue Ward, Coordinator of the Archival Collection Development, wrote a letter and confirmed “The Santin family records will provide valuable information to future researchers on the subjects of migration and the contributions that migrants families made to the South Australian community.”

Interviews in the State Library related to the Santin family:

• OH 872/24 – Anna Santin nee Mattiazzo: (2013)
• OH 872/27 – Diana Panazzolo nee Santin: (2013)
• OH 872/47 – Sandra Conci nee Santin: (2018)
• OH 872/62 – Denise Doyban nee Santin (2021)
• OH 872/13 – Oscar Mattiazzo (married to Virginia Santin) – 11 interviews recorded 2011 and 2012.

---

A market gardener donates records books
Earlier this year, Johnny Marchioro  donated three books of records of the operation of Marchioro family market garden that he had kept since the late 1950s. When he left school Johnny worked with his parents who had 21 glasshouses at Lockleys and grew tomatoes, beans and other vegetables. In 1958 at aged 18 years, Johnny began keeping detailed records of what his family sold every time they went to market. The records document the operations of a small migrant family business that grew tomatoes and beans in twenty-one glasshouses and other vegetables at Lockleys.

These historical documents reflect the scale of changes in growing vegetables, market prices, operational costs and earnings involved in small intensive family market gardens that do not exist today. Johnny maintained records after he married Eleonora Ottanelli in 1965 and they established their market garden at Bolivar. There, they worked in partnership for more than 40 years. The records books are unique because of the amount of information that Johnny provides: seasonal planting, range of crops, and variation in market prices. Also included are details about Johnny and Eleonora’s costs for establishing the market garden at Bolivar and also their expenses for building their home.

 

A family collection of oral histories and artefacts in the State Library
The State Library now holds a comprehensive collection of oral history interviews and other artefacts that provide detailed information about two generations of the Marchioro family and their experience of market gardening in Adelaide. Johnny’s parents, Vittorio and Angelina, were interviewed in 1984 for a project about migrants who arrived between the wars. In his interview, Johnny speaks about his long career of working market gardens and the Veneto community. His brother, Romano, reflects on his childhood, the market garden and links to other Veneto families. Eleonora describes her experience of becoming a market gardener in partnership with Johnny. The following interviews are in the State Library:

• Vittorio and Angelina Marchioro OH 12 (1984)
• Johnny Marchioro OH 872/1 (2008)
• Romano Marchioro OH 872/20 (2012)
• Eleonora Marchioro OH 896/7 (2008).

 

Johnny also donated 18 photos which reflect his family’s life and the community on the market gardens from the 1940s to the 1990s to the State Library to accompany his interview which was the first one I recorded for the Veneto market gardener’s oral history project in 2008.

 

 

---

Preserving family records for the future
Photos and documents can help us to understand the history of a family and the times in which it lived. The State Library accepts donations of materials with historical significance. Records donated by migrants are of particular interest because they offer information that may not be included in written accounts of South Australian history.

The documents and photos that the Santin family and Johnny Marchioro are preserved for the future in the State Library. They will expand understanding of the experience of the Veneto market gardener community. These resources can live with one descendant or they can be donated to the Library and become important records for future research about the social, cultural and economic history of South Australia.

Madeleine Regan
30 July 2023

Guest blogger, Remo Berno, who lives in Riese Pio X, recalls the social events he and his family enjoyed in the 1950s and 1960s.
The feature photo shows a party celebrating the confirmation of Robert Berno and John Torresan held in the Berno packing shed, Valetta Road, Kidman Park, 1959.

---

In my youth in Adelaide, I can recall a routine way of life, a good life with all commodities, all that a young person would want. Nevertheless, days followed one another in much the same way. Obviously, a main part of my life, from 5 to 18 years of age, was spent at school or in activities related to school. First, at Saint Joseph’s Primary School in Flinders Park and after that at Saint Michael’s College Beverly and Henley Beach – lessons, recreation, friends, sport, homework, exams. On weekends and during holiday periods, friends came to our house on Valetta Road as we had plenty of space for our outdoor games.

On our market garden on Valetta Road, there were many places that were great as playgrounds. We had a big open gravel yard in front of the packing shed, where we would play footy or cricket with the boys. The empty half cases were excellent for building fortresses for cowboy or war games. The shed and all the adjacent storage rooms or garages were fantastic for hide and seek games. At that time, I rarely recollect being bored even though with hindsight, it was a very normal routine way of life. School mates became friends of play. Nothing seemed to upset that comfortable way of growing up.

Towards the end of my teens, I was more frequently asked by Dad to help him in the market garden. He was getting on in his years and I was young and healthy. I suppose it was expected by my parents that I should take a more active role in supporting their work. In Italy, in their hometown, Riese Pio X, in the first part of the last century, boys and girls at a very early age were an active part of the family household and farming. I never relished my chores as a youngster but as I grew up, I appreciated how hard Dad and Mum had worked to give us, their children, a good life, so helping became more spontaneous.

Sunday was the family day. It was Mass in the morning and in the afternoon, trips to park lands or visits to relatives and friends. Looking back, it was the only time during the week that I spent with all members of my family.

However, there were events that broke the routine – events that I recall with great pleasure. Important non-routine events were the parties. As far back as I remember, parties always meant having fun in a different way. At an early age my first memories were birthday parties at home. Friends met at the home of the celebrated boy or girl with sweets, cakes, soft drinks, and of course, birthday presents. These parties were usually quite small and normally took place in the kitchens of the different homes and in the backyards in fine weather.

As parties grew bigger, the packing sheds of the Veneti market gardeners were the preferred venues. At that time, the parties were connected to special events such as baptisms, confirmations, and weddings. I clearly remember my sister’s confirmation party that was held in our shed. Because there were five children who were confirmed, a larger venue was required for the party.

The photo below was taken outside the Flinders Park Church with Archbishop Gleeson, who celebrated the holy sacrament.  From left to right you see, my father Pietro, his godson and nephew, Angelo Pastro , Diana Maschio (whose grandparents and father migrated from Riese Pio X in Veneto), my mother Antonietta – godmother to both Diana Maschio and Elisa Pastro (her niece), Diana Berno, Archbishop Gleeson, Marisa Berno, Antonietta Baldan, who also migrated from Riese Pio X – godmother to Diana Berno. There is also Clara Santin from  Caselle di Altivole, 5 km from Riese Pio X – godmother to Marisa and on the far right, Maria Maschio, Diana Maschio’s grandmother, also from Riese Pio X.

The boys and girls who were confirmed that day – and their godparents  – were all related in some way to each other.

I can now appreciate how important these occasions were for the Veneto people and especially to the pioneer Veneto market gardeners’ families. In that photo we see my parents Antonietta and Pietro Berno, and also Clara, Romildo Santin’s wife. The market gardeners of these two families migrated to Adelaide in 1920s. The following families: Pastro, Maschio and Baldan had migrated to Adelaide, or better, to Lockleys, in the path paved by the pioneers. In fact, all these families settled in the vicinity of Valetta Road, Frogmore Road and Findon Road.

Socialising meant stronger relationships between the Veneti who had migrated after World War II and the pioneer Veneti. Families like my father’s and those of the Tonellato brothers and sisters or those of the Santin brothers and sisters had been settled in Lockleys for quite some time. Their market gardens were already established activities. They all had an important workplace, the sheds. I imagine that it was quite straightforward for the pioneers to organise these “in house” parties. Each of the pioneer families had its own market garden shed that offered a great location for get-togethers. Food and drinks were not a problem as the produce from their farms was abundant. The new Veneto migrants that arrived after the war had ties to their relations who had already settled in Australia. My father and uncle offered their shed for the newcomers’ events such as weddings or baptisms.

It was common for my family to attend such parties in our shed but also in those of the Santins, the Tonellatos, and of other Veneti market gardeners’ sheds. At the parties there were children of all ages, so it was never a problem to meet old friends and make new ones, and spend time playing games.

The families of friends and relatives got together away from work and housekeeping, and they spent pleasant hours, probably recalling the sagre paesane (village festivals) that took place in their hometown in Veneto. These sagre paesane in Italy were special occasions where the whole community would come together to celebrate the patron saint of the village. In a similar manner, the families of the Veneto market gardeners came together as a community in Lockleys.

The children would soon play in and around the party location. The women would get together to exchange views on whatever interested them. The men would gather, especially if the party had a bar. Beer would flow and was counted by the kegs. Chatting got louder and louder, and that’s usually when the singing of old Italian songs would break out. The young adults would meet and dance to the music played by the band, a small group of two or three with an accordion, a set of drums and a vocalist. Usually, the band members sang and played Italian favourites that pleased all the participants. On these occasions, it was not unusual for young Italian men who had recently arrived in Adelaide, to show special attention towards young second-generation women in the attempt to find their new partners in life.

I remember one epic wedding party that took place at Centennial Hall in Wayville with over a thousand guests with a many storeyed wedding cake. We the youngsters, were everywhere, playing and having fun. There was so much to do, and our parents were too busy partying, so we had fewer restrictions than usual. In these very big parties, I would make meet other boys my age who were new to me. Some new acquaintances became my friends. At a latter age the parties became occasions to meet young girls with a different attitude to friendship. Everything connected to the parties was so exciting, and a break in my routine.

I still fondly remember these events of more than 50 years ago and they remain one of the many pleasant aspects of my youth in Adelaide. I was young and took them for granted as a normal way of socialising with the other Veneti. I probably never even thought about the fact that most people at these parties were somehow related and had in common, their origins. I was born in a big capital city with an extended territory and an important population. Looking back, I see how many parties that were held in the sheds belonging to the Veneto market gardeners. It was a time where these families that had migrated from small rural villages in Veneto would come together. The population of these small Italian towns in the early 20th century was only a few thousand people and their lives were celebrated in a small area around their homes.

The ‘new Australians’ had migrated to a major city, Adelaide, in a new and young nation, Australia, and had to integrate into the new world, hardly speaking English, if none at all. It certainly was an important step up in life for them.

These parties were binding events for the migrants, exchanging friendship and guidance, that helped them face the challenges of settling down in the new nation. Parties were important occasions to meet other similar Veneti and feel the comfort of being part of a community where fellow migrants, that had already settled and had reached a comfortable economic status, could give them the attention needed.

Remo Berno
16 July 2023

All photos, except the last one, provided by the Berno family.

---

You can listen to Remo’s interview and read the transcript on the website. Go to the Berno page and find the ‘Interview’ and ‘Transcript’ buttons: https://venetimarketgardeners1927.net/1927-pioneer-families/berno-family/